This feature is particularly useful for recording gameplay highlights. Recording in 4K UHD 2160p in either 30fps or 60fps is simple in OBS Studio, and in this tutorial I show you the best settings, bitrate and encoder to use. . HDR contains more image details thus better in displaying contrast of colors than SDR. 5,000 kbps or less - 720p 60fps. So far, the best settings for bitrate in terms of quality and sizes is at 40,000Kbit/s (sweet spot). If recording: What is your priority, file size or quality? For Rate Control, use CBR. While the x264 encoder does create higher-quality videos, its not recommended for most use cases. Step 3. However, in a real-life case, the connection won't be stable at all, and the stream will stutter a lot or completely freeze since we're using all our resources to maintain the stream. The best bitrate for 1080p streaming is 4500 Kbps for 30fps and 6000kbps for 60fps. OBS is not only a recording program for computers. Alternatively, GPU encoding (e.g. Tell the encoder to aim for 35 mbps, but allow it to go up to 40 mbps. One-stop video processing software. Twitch limits all uploads to 6000kbps, but you had better go lower in many cases. We have a calculator to figure out how much data you will need to host a live stream for a specific time length if you're on mobile: the data usage calculator! Our streaming bitrate calculator will help you find the optimum bitrate and the required upload speed for live streaming on any platform. The encoder selects what is used for creating the video. Stay current with our latest updates, guides, and subscriber-only offer. Bitrate and resolution are two main influential factors that decide the quality of a video you play on your every sort of devices. yeah i think ill start my own thing this was kinda stupid of me. Read the info below to help you choose the Encoding, Bitrate, Resolution, and Framerate The Best Bitrate Based On Your Upload Speed For Twitch: 4,000kbps or less - 720p 30fps. Copyright 2023 Try Hard Guides. How to Use Adaptive Bitrate Encoding. 1080p can be one of the best resolution options nowadays for screen displaying, for it can richen the details of screen images and does not take much space like 4K and 8K. Users usually choose video converter freeware such as HandBrake to adjust video bitrate. 4000 Kbps is maybe the optimal video bitrate for live streaming in Full HD (1080p) at 30 FPS. Thus it is important to set a bitrate that can balance the video quality and size. Recommended bitrate? The truth is bitrate is extremely important and a vital factor to understand when setting up and managing your stream settings, so we wrote this simple guide to help. Step 1. Get 5 methods with detailed steps now to convert M4A to WAV in minutes. :). Step 2. For 1080p @ 30fps: use 3,000 - 6,000 Kbps. This would be your ultimate guide on how to convert MKV to MP4, including 6 solutions. Best 1080p OBS Recording Settings Resolution: 19201080 Framerate: 60 Type: Simple Recording Format: MP4 Encoder: NVIDIA NVENC H.264 Rate Control: CBR Bitrate: 16000 Keyframe Interval: 2 Preset: Max Quality Profile: High Look-ahead: Unchecked Psycho Visual Tuning: Checked GPU: 0 Max B-Frames: 2 Best 4K OBS Recording Settings Resolution: 38402160 Use Rate Control: VBR and Preset: High Quality for NVENC. Press " OK " to go to the next step. If you want to further down the file size, you could go as low as 30,000Kbit/s that somehow maintains the quality and if you want for more quality you could go as high as 50,000Kbit/s. Use VBR or CQP for recording. If not, try one of the recommended settings below to optimize your video quality and stability. The bitrate that you should use will depend on the resolution and framerate that you are using for your recording. Audio tracks for each device can be selected from the advanced audio properties menu. If you want to ease the work on your PC, you can set it to VBR or Variable Bitrate, which will only use the resources your hardware needs as its recording. Simply this means the higher the bitrate value, the better quality your stream will appear. and your computer's hardware. Thanks to programs like Open Broadcaster Software, or OBS, anyone from around the world can create high-quality videos meant to entertain and inform their viewers. To get OBS to record in 1080p, you'll first need to change the output method to Advanced, and then you'll need to navigate to the Output section in the settings, then to the Recording tab. Once inside settings, click on the output tab. For HDR uploads, we suggest you a bit rate of 10 Mbps and 15 Mbps for the standard frame rate and high frame rate, respectively. OBS also allows you to record with lossless rate control. If you want to learn anything from how to add hashtags to your YouTube videos, to how to stream on Facebook, Andrew Wall has the step-by-step YouTube videos for you. Twitter: https://twitter.com/AwallDigital-------- Andrew Wall's Professional Background----------Andrew Wall is a digital marketing executive with over a decade of experience coaching creative professionals to success. Go to the Tools menu. #2. Different platforms requires different bitrates for 1080p streaming. Contact Author. The higher the value of your bitrate, the more information is being processed every second. For recording, you remove bitrate limits. With other recording software, you typically dont receive such a wide range of settings, limiting how much stress you can take off your PC. The relation between the number of pixels each frame contains and the number of bits we will use to represent it is the bpp or bits per pixel value. Resolution and bitrate recommendations: 1080p @ 60 fps 1080p @ 30fps 720p @ 60 fps 720p @ 30 fps 480p @ 30 fps 360p Note: The maximum recommended bitrate is 15 Mbps. If you have no idea about bitrate for 1080p at all, perhaps you should learn of the terms first. CBR = Constant bitrate, which can maintain a stable transmission speed of the data all through the video, but used rarer nowadays for it limits the image quality when more complex video segments are involved. Bitrate is the speed at which bits are transferred from one source to another; this could be in the form of a download or simply just a processing rate. Most streaming platforms limit your stream bitrate to 6000. With the simple output mode selected you will have limited control over your recording settings. Encoding Quality Recordings made with replay buffer will use the same video settings set in the recording tab. Alisa Cassiel, an English Copywriter of Digiarty, has 4 years of writing and marketing experience. Read on in the article to find out more about these restrictions. He built the largest gaming video network in the world, produced 10,000 gaming videos, generated 1 billion YouTube views, live-streamed video games full-time, and managed 55 social media accounts across 13 languages simultaneously. LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/awalldigital/#OBS #OBSSTUDIO #OBSSTUDIOTUTORIAL Remember: it's always better to have a stable stream than to push for a higher video quality Protocol: RTMPS Streaming Video codec: H.264, Level 4.1 for up to 1080p @ 30 FPS H.264, Level 4.2 for 1080p @ 60 FPS Live API: H264 encoded video and AAC encoded audio only. You will notice a sub menu called Streaming. JavaScript is disabled. If the video is recorded at 60fps60\ \text{fps}60fps this means each second 1.24108px1.24\times 10^{8}\ \text{px}1.24108px are rendered (resolutioninpxfps\text{resolution in px} \times \text{fps}resolutioninpxfps). What is the bitrate for 1080p 30 FPS? A higher bitrate takes up more of your available internet bandwidth. All comments go through a moderation process, and should be approved in a timely manner. Out of these cookies, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are as essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Type If you DO want to mess with settings, then you can follow my recommendations here but I am going blind because I don't know what hardware you have at all. Like Cqp,Cbr, Vbr, or whatever. Regular HD with High Framerate (720p, 60fps . 6,000 kbps - 900p 60fps. The first row of this sub menu is your video bitrate, where you can manually input your desired bitrate value. Is it an FPS (first-person shooter) game? Edit, create cinematic videos and beyond. Convert, transcode, compress, download and record. Bitrate: 4500-5500 (CBR only) Buffer Size: 35000 (optional, CBR only) CPU Usage Preset: superfast Profile: High Tune: zerolatency. Copyright 2023 Digiarty Software, Inc. All rights reserved. Used by 30,000 developers, trusted by all Host and deliver videos with ease Control every aspect of your videos, from the private videos to player customizations. Whether you need to add videos to a website, app, CMS, or software, we remove all the hassle of video complexity. OBS is one of the best options for recording your screen or gameplay. By rejecting non-essential cookies, Reddit may still use certain cookies to ensure the proper functionality of our platform. We'll assume you're ok with this, but you can opt-out if you wish. With CBR, the bit rate is going to be constant regardless of content. Everything you need to enhance and edit Canon videos into stories. Your bitrate will vary depending on the resolution and the framerate you are recording in. The video footage when recording with lossless is incredibly large, and can often cause issues when attempting to edit the footage. Since video size = bitrate x duration, apparently, ABR makes file size predictable. Recording Path: You may use the default folder or choose a new one. So, I have recorded and posted videos of Battlefield 5 on YouTube in 1080p since it's my monitor resolution (1920x1080), however I have noticed that even though the videos are in my monitor resolution, they just about fit the screen which means they can look slightly pixeled in some cases and you don't get that extra quality effect like when you watch . Wonder what the relationship between video bitrate and encoding H.264 is, and how to set the bitrate number for H.264 excellence? 110,000Kbit/s. And the best bitrate for streaming with OBS depends on several factors. Ready to become a bitrate sensei?! It endeavors to provide easier hardware-accelerated video audio editing and conversion solutions. Advanced audio properties can be opened from the edit menu at the top of OBS. 3840 x 2160 Bitrate 8,000 - 14,000 Audio Bitrate 192kbps Frames per second 30/60 If your native resolution is not 2160p, don't consider this option. Keep reading to learn how to obtain an acceptable internet speed for streaming on Twitch or other platforms. Click Browse to choose the recording path where you want to save your recording for YouTube videos. A good ballpark figure for your viewers average download speed is around 8mbps, however this depends on your channel analytics and where your viewers are tuning in from! You can name the source as " Full Screen " or leave it as default. More data kept = more quality. For 1080p video at 60 frames per second, the recommended bitrate is between 4500 and 6000 kbps. Select your desired fps and based on your hardware and available encoders, it will choose optimal settings for the quality you want to record at. Any third-party product names and trademarks used on this website, including but not limited to Apple, are property of their respective owners. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. OBS features six audio tracks that can be used for recording. The bitrate youll be able to use will depend on the scale of the video youre creating and your hardware. Resolution: 19201080Framerate: 60Type: SimpleRecording Format: MP4Encoder: NVIDIA NVENC H.264Rate Control: CBRBitrate: 16000Keyframe Interval: 2Preset: Max QualityProfile: HighLook-ahead: UncheckedPsycho Visual Tuning: CheckedGPU: 0Max B-Frames: 2, Resolution: 38402160Framerate: 60Type: SimpleRecording Format: MP4Encoder: NVIDIA NVENC H.264Rate Control: CBRBitrate: 64000Keyframe Interval: 2Preset: Max QualityProfile: HighLook-ahead: UncheckedPsycho Visual Tuning: CheckedGPU: 0Max B-Frames: 2. While your live stream will benefit from the increased video quality, a high bitrate means nothing if your upload speed can't support it. This is all you need to know to optimize your recording with the best bitrate for OBS. Recording in 60fps is particularly useful when it comes to editing, as it allows for smoother slow motion. A custom bitrate can be set in OBS to ensure youre receiving the quality you want. Be aware, other processes on your computer also require internet access so you might want to stream at around 80% of your total upload speed. Base (Canvas) Resolution: Set to the highest available. Thanks in advance. Convert, transcode, compress, download and record. * Tested in a laboratory environment while recording 1080p/30fps (Power Reserve) video with electronic image stabilization disabled. The most common canvas size is 19201080. cpu is a ryzen 5 2600x and gpu is an rtx 2070. not streaming only recording. I want to make edits to my videos and then upload them at my own pace. They do have difference in color clarity and realism in images and videos. The updated NVIDIA Encoder (NVENC) on Turing-based NVIDIA GeForce GPUs (RTX 20-Series and GTX 1660/Ti) will typically produce superior quality than x264 Fast and on par with x264 medium. The video settings are used for recording and streaming. We are a participant in the Amazon Services LLC Associates Program, an affiliate advertising program designed to provide a means for us to earn fees by linking to Amazon.com and affiliated sites. The "Auto_Configuration Wizard" (in Tools) does a great job. Many other factors such as streaming platform, the speed of your internet connection and codecs should be taken into consideration when adjusting a video bitrate. Hence, as a rule of thumb, aim to reduce the fps value first (unless it is a fast-paced game), then resolution, and lastly, if the stream doesn't look good on lower resolutions, the bppbppbpp value (remember to keep as close to 0.10.10.1 as possible). Love writing and always provide thoughtful how-to guides and tips related to video processing, recent hot topics, new digital devices, hit movies, music, etc. To see why your comment might not have been approved, check out our Comment Rules page! You can convert H266 VVC to MP4 H265 HEVC and H264 for wider compatibility. Just select your desired resolution, and the calculator will output a bitrate and the recommended upload speed for that value (you can check the bppbppbpp value used for the selected resolution within the advanced mode). The devices audio will be on each checked track and absent on all unchecked tracks. Output Output Mode: If you got no special need for an encoder and bitrate, the Simple Mode will satisfy most of your needs. NVIDIA NVENC) utilizes a dedicated encoder in the GPU, allowing you to play and stream without compromising game performance . You should set the encoder to NVENC if your graphics card is strong enough and put the Rate Control as CBR at a . Each audio device can be set to different or multiple audio tracks. OBS, or Open Broadcaster Software, is a cross-platform, free software screen recorder that lets you make screencasts on your desktop or display your screen on the internet. . This will maintain the bitrate at the value you set, even when less could be used. ', 'What bitrate should I stream at? Create cinematic videos and beyond. ', 'What is the bitrate for 1080p? While the older generation (Pascal, Kepler) are similar with veryfast/faster quality. To check your internet speed, try using Ookla Speed Test. In the settings menu, select Output from the left pane. The output settings in OBS allow you to customize the format and encoding options for your video recordings and live streams. NVIDIA NVENC offers consistent quality based on the generation of the encoder. Colour: Black material: plastic PRODUCT DETAILS: Features up to a 1080P resolution (up to 1920 x 1080 pixels) at 30 fps. The resolution of your video recording can be set by the output resolution. What kind of content are you streaming/recording? Twitch will always reserve its bandwidth for its partners. I'm just recording. One other thing to consider is your choice of capture device. Here are some advisable 1080p bitrate settings for various situations below: Theoretically, videos of high bitrate tend to have better quality in large size, which would cause problems like buffering or even crash especially when the network connection is poor. So there is not one single best bitrate for streaming with OBS. Great for Zoom / Facetime / Video Calling / OBS / / Facebook/ / one/ Conferencing / Gaming / Streaming / Recording / Online School. For 720p @ 60fps: use 2,250 - 6,000 Kbps. You are using an out of date browser. The downscale option doesnt put too much strain on your hardware, however, the Bicubic option can also be used on an older system. 3. You can set the best video bitrate (450-6000kbps) for your video streamers to get a good viewer experience. We will briefly answer those questions and more below, or if you are already familiar with the concepts, feel free to experiment with our streaming bitrate calculator! That means we could have the same 3000kbps3000\ \text{kbps}3000kbps bitrate for a 720p 30fps stream, and it will look completely different depending on the game. Variable bitrate is very much an experimental feature and all too often throws up nasty results. Bitrate indicates the speed at which the data is transferred from one place to another in a given time. Increase your latency to improve stream visuals. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. What bitrate setting should I use? Bitrate settings can be a pain to try and get your head around. Recording with a higher bitrate will also increase the workload that your computer is taking on, which can translate into worse performance in-game. Each audio device can be set to which audio track you want them to be heard on. How to Set OBS to Record in 1080p. Schedule one-on-one Coaching:. This . I'd say 5,000 kbps (kilobit per second) = 5 mbps (megabit per second) is the ideal if you're looking to push out at 1080p 30 FPS stream. Normally between 16-22, with lower being better quality but larger file sizes. Streaming at a higher resolution like 1080p requires a higher bitrate, If you have the bandwidth and encoding power to stream at 1080p, 60 fps, great! Our streams would feel like youre inside them with incredible quality! Recording in 720p HD in either 30fps or 60fps is simple in OBS Studio, and in this tutorial I show you the best settings, bitrate and encoder to use.Sch. When youre recording with OBS it is best to set your output mode to advanced to ensure you have the best settings. If you're only recording and not streaming, you don't use a bitrate. A higher bitrate also results in larger video files as more information is being used for creating each second of video. This figure should be used for reference only: Charging Time: Camera Unit + Front Touchscreen Module: 90 minutes * Tested in a laboratory environment when using a 5V/2A USB adapter Handy tools to polish your drone shots - turn ordinary into cinematic. The canvas resolution is the resolution used for the preview in OBS. Our streaming bitrate calculator allows you to select whether you will host your stream on a streaming platform or by yourself. Increasing your bitrate can improve your video quality, but only up to a certain point-- Awall is known for OBS Studio tutorials, guides on Facebook Gaming, and live streaming educational videos. By Alisa Cassiel - Last Updated: As mentioned before, yours and your viewers internet speed ultimately determines which bitrate value you can afford to use. A 1080p video will produce a 19201080px1920\times 1080\ \text{px}19201080px image each frame. We recommended using either CBR or CQP when recording with OBS. any setting to record and stream at the same time? Simple mode is MORE than enough for 99.999% of streamers and produces equally solid results. The mic/auxiliary devices allow you to add external audio sources, such as your microphone or mixer. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); With the right bitrate for OBS recording, you'll be able to create content that rivals the greats. Frames per second, resolution, and sound quality are the big three when it comes to technical aspects you have to get right for your stream. This guide will help you choose the right frame rate, including a few reasons why choosing a lesser framerate might be right for you. What is the Appropriate Bitrate Setting for H.264 Output, VVC Converter: How to Convert H266/VVC to HEVC H264 MP4, How to Convert MKV to MP4 on Windows and Mac, 5 Methods to Convert M4A to WAV on Windows 11/10 and Mac. What hardware (CPU and GPU) do you have available? The bitrate is the depth of information thats recorded to your storage per second. Youll also want to make sure that the Rate Control section in the settings is set to Constant Bitrate, a.k.a. One of the major issues streamers face is sudden drops in internet speed. For 720p video at 30 frames per second, bitrate should be between 2,500 and 4,000 kbps. Using CBR for local recording is NEVER a good idea as it either wastes space or does not give enough bitrate to retain the quality you desire. However, youll need to make sure that your videos look the best in order to stand up against the other creators out there. Click on the " + " button under the " Source " tab. Start building now Read the docs -> Upload a video Video Webhooks 2. The suggested streaming bitrate will increase according to the resolution and FPS of your live video. Its unit is often kbps or Mbps, kilobits, and megabits per second, respectively. Every day, thousands of videos are streamed on Twitch. It requires more frames to be sent and physically more pixels due to its larger size and therefore requires more bits or digital information to be sent across. With this guide though, you should be well on your way to mastering your bitrate settings for OBS studio and showing off your clean looking streams to your fans! Record with OBS and EaseUS RecExperts: . Replay buffer can be enabled by checking the box in the output settings. Some of you may wonder if there is a certain connection between bitrate and resolution. To ensure that your recording is meeting your selected framerate we recommend setting max b-frames to 2 and having the Look-ahead option unchecked. Hds8307 video switcher touch screen & recording function:- hdmi *4 in; 1 hdmi pgm & 1 multiview out; 7" touch screen; lock screen; t-bar; type-c stream; luma/chroma; rtmp stream, record; sd/hd/3g, up to 1080p60, backword compatible; input resolution adaptive, pgm output selectable; auto/cut transitions,mix/ fade/wipe effects; pip, still, mute, ftb, color bar; 2-ch mic in, 1 . Encoding Performance Each track will need to be enabled individually. Such as: 'Do I have enough upload speed for streaming? If you are just chatting, it will only use a portion of the available bitrate setting. First, we need to know the type of content we'll be streaming. Another factor which will affect your bitrate value is your video settings which include resolution and frames per second. As for SDR uploads, we highly recommend you a bitrate of 8 Mbps for a standard frame rate video (24, 25, 30 fps) and of 16Mbps for the high frame rate one (48, 50, 60 fps). Any increases after that produce diminishing returns in video quality regarding file size (unless you're working with low resolutions). PowerVision S1: Worlds Smallest Mobile Gimbal. To be more specific, 1080p (p stands for progressive scanning) usually represents that there're altogether 2,073,600 pixels taking up the screen, with 1920 pixels vertically from left to right and 1080 pixels horizontally from top to the bottom. VideoProc is a primary branch of Digiarty Software that is a leading multimedia software company founded in 2006. Use Rate Control: VBR and Preset: High Quality for NVENC. The bitrate determines how much information is kept/lost in the compression. 1. Turns out we need a 4500kbps4500\ \text{kbps} 4500kbps bitrate paired with a 6700kbps6700 \ \text{kbps}6700kbps connection to maintain an stable stream. It may not display this or other websites correctly. A card game? When recording gameplay the NVENC encoder should always be used as it wont impact your game performance. Audio playback bitrate is not related to video resolution. Sadly this isnt possible! VBR is applied to more circumstances as it can adapt itself to data need by allocating data amounts in a different situation, especially segments with motions. We also participate in affiliate programs from ExpressVPN, NordVPN, IPVanish, PureVPN, and other sites. Launch OBS first, and click Settings. For 1080p at 30fps, you can get away with as low as 3,500 kbps, but you'll likely want to use 4,500 to 5,000 kbps. For more information on how to improve the visual quality of your stream, check out this guide! But, compared with HandBrake, VideoProc Converter is a more easy-to-handle video editing software which can auto calculate bitrate for your 1080p video. CBR. Each track can be controlled separately when editing, giving you the ability to fine-tune your video as youd like. Choose 'streaming', and 'hardware encoder'. To put it simply, 4k and 60fps is a much larger and smoother image. Your bitrate should be high enough to produce a smooth video without using your entire upload speed. Simply click the "+" plus icon to select and make it happen. OBS Studio Video settings Go to: Settings > Video and setup Base (Canvas) Resolution as high as you use it. One bit (or binary digit) carries one of two values, most normally represented as a 1 or a 0. What Is the Best Bitrate Setting for H.264 Encoding - VideoProc VideoProc Converter Customize Bitrate Settings for H.264 Encoding Compatible with both Windows and macOS Flexible bitrate settings for 420+ formats and codecs, including H.264 Output video in smaller size and keep quality An input value of 100 KBPS would transmit 100,000 bits per second and a value of 3000, 3,000,000 bits per second and so on and so forth. Another parameter we need to consider when estimating bitrates is the source video's resolution). That's why it is wise to add about 50% of the bitrate number to obtain an upload speed that keeps the stream stable (our streaming bitrate calculator already includes it ). You can use this table below as guidance, but if you want to understand more of the nuance and some other key settings, read on below. On the other hand, a card game doesn't benefit as much with an fps increase as it does with a resolution increase (720p from 540p). 1920P 30FPS. What does CQP mean and what does "recording locally" mean. Low latency means faster upload speeds and live time streaming but can reduce the image quality. Best Bitrate for 720p. and frame rate refers to how often animation frames are sent to Twitch. As for SDR uploads, we highly recommend you a bitrate of 8 Mbps for a standard frame rate video (24, 25, 30 fps) and of 16Mbps for the high frame rate one (48, 50, 60 fps). 3. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. The recommended bitrate for 1080p is 6Mbps, and for 720p it's 4Mbps. In short, it is the resolution of the video and your viewers internet speed that will determine the bitrate. Whether it is the cloud transcoding mode setting or the local transcoding mode setting, a bitrate at 4000-8000 kbps is strongly suggested for your full HD 1080p displayer. Even if your computer and internet speed can handle high bitrate values, chances are your viewers cannot. You should use a CRF or CQP level, which uses as much or as little bitrate as is needed to maintain a consistent image quality. . Or go to Settings -> Output -> Set Output Mode to Simple, select "Hardware (NVENC)" as the encoder and choose the "High Quality, Medium File Size" preset. On the low end, 720p is the type of video common in older HD televisions. Yes, bitrate affects video quality. The Best OBS Settings for Single PC Streaming Launch OBS on your computer and click on Settings. Different resolutions will work the best in different scenarios, so there's no definitive answer for the question 'What bitrate should I stream at? Recording in 1080p FHD in either 30fps or 60fps is simple in OBS Studio, and in this tutorial I show you the best settings, bitrate and encoder to use.Schedule one-on-one Coaching: https://www.awalldigital.com/ OBS Studio Tutorials Playlist: https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLlM_xT8ActQHCEgNi7gyjFLMFjBBavqYi-------- About Awall Digital----------Awall Digital teaches creators the software, hardware and strategy they need to create content full-time. These applications usually have an integrated testing method to check if your bandwidth supports the new bitrate. Each resolution and fps setting requires a higher bitrate value as you increase the quality to ensure a clean looking stream. Most people check their speed, see 15mbps upload and think WOW Im good to go!. Frames per second (FPS), also known as frame rate, is the frequency of consecutive images called frames appearing on display.